Formulas & How-To Guides

    Step-by-step guides to the most important financial and mathematical formulas. Each guide includes the formula, variable explanations, worked examples, and a link to the full calculator.

    How to Calculate Compound Interest

    Compound Interest Formula

    How to Calculate BMI (Body Mass Index)

    BMI Formula (Metric)

    How to Calculate SIP Returns

    SIP Future Value Formula

    How to Calculate EMI (Equated Monthly Installment)

    EMI Formula

    How to Calculate Percentages

    Basic Percentage Formula

    How to Calculate Mortgage Payments

    Mortgage Payment Formula

    How to Calculate GST

    GST Calculation Formula

    How to Calculate ROI (Return on Investment)

    ROI Formula

    How to Calculate Fixed Deposit (FD) Returns

    FD Maturity Amount Formula (Compound Interest)

    How to Calculate PPF Maturity Amount

    PPF Maturity Formula (for annual deposits)

    How to Calculate In-Hand Salary from CTC

    Take-Home Salary Formula

    How to Calculate Gratuity

    Gratuity Formula (under Gratuity Act)

    How to Calculate Income Tax

    Income Tax Formula

    How to Calculate Your Retirement Corpus

    Retirement Corpus Formula

    How to Calculate TDS

    TDS Calculation Formula

    How to Calculate NPS Returns & Pension

    NPS Corpus Formula (monthly contribution)

    How to Calculate Inflation & Future Value of Money

    Inflation Impact Formula

    How to Calculate SWP (Systematic Withdrawal Plan)

    SWP Remaining Balance Formula

    How to Calculate XIRR (Extended Internal Rate of Return)

    XIRR Formula

    How to Calculate Mutual Fund Returns

    CAGR Formula (Lump Sum Returns)

    How to Calculate Sales Tax

    Sales Tax Formula

    How to Calculate Stock Average Price

    Weighted Average Price Formula

    How to Calculate Simple Interest

    Simple Interest Formula

    How to Calculate Profit and Loss

    Profit Percentage Formula

    How to Calculate the Area of a Circle

    Area of Circle Formula

    Pythagoras Theorem — How to Calculate

    Pythagorean Theorem

    Speed, Distance, and Time Formula

    Speed Formula

    How to Calculate Percentage Increase

    Percentage Increase Formula

    How to Calculate Discount Price

    Discount Formula

    How to Calculate Average (Mean)

    Average (Mean) Formula

    Loan-to-Value (LTV) Ratio Formula

    LTV Ratio Formula

    How to Calculate CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate)

    CAGR Formula

    How to Calculate the Area of a Triangle

    Triangle Area (Base-Height)

    How to Calculate the Volume of a Cylinder

    Cylinder Volume Formula

    How to Calculate Depreciation

    Straight-Line Depreciation

    Rule of 72 — How Long to Double Your Money

    Rule of 72

    How to Calculate Rectangle Perimeter

    Rectangle Perimeter

    How to Calculate Rectangle Area

    Rectangle Area Formula

    How to Calculate Sphere Volume

    Sphere Volume Formula

    Quadratic Formula — How to Solve Quadratic Equations

    Quadratic Formula

    Slope Formula — How to Calculate Slope

    Slope Formula

    Present Value Formula

    Present Value Formula

    Break-Even Point Formula

    Break-Even Formula

    Net Profit Margin Formula

    Net Profit Margin

    WACC — Weighted Average Cost of Capital

    WACC Formula

    Debt-to-Equity Ratio Formula

    Debt-to-Equity Ratio

    P/E Ratio — How to Calculate and Use It

    P/E Ratio Formula

    Return on Equity (ROE) Formula

    Return on Equity

    BMI Formula — How to Calculate Body Mass Index

    BMI Formula (Metric)

    Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion Formula

    Celsius to Fahrenheit

    Standard Deviation Formula

    Population Standard Deviation

    Probability Formula

    Basic Probability Formula

    Markup Formula — Calculate Selling Price from Cost

    Markup Percentage Formula

    How to Calculate Tip

    Tip Formula

    Fuel Efficiency Formula — Calculate Your Car's Mileage

    Mileage Formula (km/L)

    How to Calculate Electricity Bill

    Electricity Units Formula

    EMI Formula — Complete Derivation & Examples

    EMI Formula (Reducing Balance)

    Net Present Value (NPV) Formula

    Net Present Value Formula

    WACC — Weighted Average Cost of Capital

    WACC Formula

    P/E Ratio — Price to Earnings Formula

    Price-to-Earnings Ratio

    Dividend Yield Formula

    Dividend Yield Formula

    Break-Even Point Formula

    Break-Even Point Formula

    Markup vs Margin — Business Pricing Formulas

    Markup and Margin Formulas

    IRR — Internal Rate of Return Formula

    Internal Rate of Return Formula

    Payback Period Formula

    Simple Payback Period

    Present Value Formula — Time Value of Money

    Present Value Formula

    Annuity Formula — Regular Payments

    Present Value of Annuity

    Straight-Line Depreciation Formula

    Straight-Line Depreciation

    Effective Interest Rate Formula

    Effective Annual Rate

    Debt-to-Equity Ratio Formula

    Debt-to-Equity Ratio

    Current Ratio Formula — Short-Term Liquidity

    Current Ratio Formula

    ROE — Return on Equity Formula

    Return on Equity

    EPS — Earnings Per Share Formula

    Earnings Per Share

    Working Capital Formula

    Net Working Capital

    CAPM — Capital Asset Pricing Model

    Capital Asset Pricing Model

    EMI Prepayment — How Much Can You Save?

    Prepayment Interest Savings

    Weighted Average Formula

    Weighted Average

    Tax-Equivalent Yield Formula

    Tax-Equivalent Yield

    Loan Amortization Formula

    Amortization Components

    GDP Formula — Measuring Economic Output

    GDP (Expenditure Approach)